Fashions: Baby's Clothes Monday, Nov. 14, 1927

Gendered associations of pink and blue

Children in blue and pink clothing

The colors pink and blue are associated with girls and boys respectively, in the United States, the United Kingdom and another European countries.

Originating every bit a trend in the mid-19th century and applying primarily to clothing, gendered associations with pink and blue became more widespread from the 1950s onward. Since the 1990s, these gendered associations have also increasingly applied to toys as well, particularly in the case of pink toys for girls.

Despite popular conventionalities—including from various academic and popular sources—a reported "pink-blue reversal", wherein the gendered associations of both colors were "flipped" former during the 20th century, almost likely never occurred, and instead is probable to have been a misunderstanding of before reporting.

History

According to Jo Paoletti, who spent two decades studying the history of pink and blue gender-coding, there were no detail color associations for girls and boys at the turn of the 20th century. In that location was no agreement amidst manufacturers about which colors were feminine or masculine, or whether there were any such colors at all.^[i] ^[2]

Showtime half of the 20th century

Children's clothing began to be differentiated by gender in matters of cut, pockets, images, and ornament, but non by color.^[two] During the period 1900-1930, the fashions of young boys began to change in mode, but not color. Pink and blue were used together every bit "baby colors". Birth announcements and baby books used both colors well into the 1950s, and then gradually became accepted as feminine and masculine colors. Styles and colors formerly considered neutral, including flowers, squeamish trim, and the color pinkish, became more than associated with only girls and women.^[3] Paoletti summarized the evolution of pinkish and bluish associations with girls and boys: "Information technology is articulate that pink-blue gender coding was known in the belatedly 1860s but was not dominant until the 1950s in about parts of the United States and not universal until a generation later."^[four]

In 1927, a chart published in Time mag summarized the recommended hues at major department stores in the United states: six said pink for boys and blueish for girls; four said the opposite.^[5] ^[1] ^[6]

Second half of the 20th century

A number of personalities and cultural icons of the 1950s and early 1960s had a great influence on the public awareness and use of pink in fashion and ornament, including Mamie Eisenhower,^[7] Marilyn Monroe, and Brigitte Bardot.^[viii]

Mamie Eisenhower was influential in the growing shift amidst women in the United States, and to some extent away, towards the clan between pinkish and women'due south style and decorating. Mrs. Eisenhower was well known for preferring pink both in clothing and home ornament well earlier she became commencement lady, and more so later 1952 with the election of her husband Dwight D. Eisenhower every bit President of the United States. So much so, that a particular shade, known every bit "Mamie Pinkish" was named later her. When she took upwards residence in the White House in Jan 1953 she brought her favorite color with her, wearing a pink gown covered in pinkish rhinestones to the inaugural assurance, and redecorating the White Firm in pink, to such an extent that it became known amongst the press corps as "The Pink Palace." Her tastes were picked upwardly by the American public, and "Mamie Pink" became an iconic color in decorating in the 1950s, being used in bathroom fixtures, tiles, kitchen appliances, and more than.^[7] ^[9]

Marilyn Monroe was already famous equally a sex symbol in the early on 1950s when the film Gentlemen Adopt Blondes came out. The musical one-act featured Marilyn in the virtually famous musical number in the moving picture, Diamonds Are a Girl'southward Best Friend, in a now iconic flooring length, skin-tight silk dress in shocking pink with a big bow on the back and matching shoulder length gloves. Marilyn defined femininity and seduction and her influence never concluded.^[10]

Brigitte Bardot wore checkered pink gingham equally her nuptials wearing apparel for her wedding in 1959. This was formerly a material used only for curtains and created a sensation, and was widely copied and influential.^[eight]

Colored items

Clothing

For infant and children'south habiliment, ribbons, and other items, the pink for girls, blue for boys associations known in European countries included: the Netherlands (1823),^[11] France (1834),^[12] Russian federation (1842),^[13] Great Britain (1862),^[fourteen] and Kingdom of spain (1896);^[15] and in the Americas: in the United states,^[sixteen] and Mexico (1899).^[17]

A contrarian trend to avert gendered article of clothing colors for children and towards more unisex clothing in the United states of america began in the late 1960s, influenced by the Baby Boomer generation reaching changeable age, and the effects of 2nd-wave feminism.^[18]

Toys

Shelves with pink-colored girls' toys, in a Canadian store

In the United states, girlie-girl culture developed in the 1990s in the wake of a series of successful Disney animated films, starting with Lilliputian Mermaid (1989). These animated films were heavily marketed to girls, particularly, and pink was everywhere in marketing campaigns as they took advantage of what appeared to be a strong association betwixt gender and certain colors: bold colors for boys, pastel colors for girls, specially pink. Fourscore-6 percent of pink toys were marketed as "girls only", and a similar percentage that were bold reddish, black, brown, or greyness were for "boys only". Pink became a strong signal to girls and their parents about which products were being marketed to them.^[19]

Awareness ribbons

A pinkish sensation ribbon is used as a symbol for breast cancer awareness, and are commonly seen in October during Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The color pink was chosen for the ribbon in 1992, every bit a symbol of breast cancer awareness.^{[ citation needed ]}

Breast cancer organizations use the pinkish ribbon to acquaintance themselves with breast cancer, to promote breast cancer awareness, and to support fundraising.^[20] Pinkish evokes traditional feminine gender roles, caring for other people, being beautiful, beingness good, and being cooperative.^[21] Some chest cancer-related organizations, such every bit Pinkish Ribbon International apply the pinkish ribbon as their chief symbol. Susan G. Komen for the Cure uses a stylized "running ribbon" as their logo.^[22]

Gender reveal accessories

A cake with a pink middle layer indicating a baby girl

Gender reveal parties use props or accessories of various kinds to reveal to invited guests the sex of an expectant female parent's baby earlier it is born. Props include cakes, balloons, confetti, smoke, fireworks, and other accessories^[23] to betoken whether the fetus is male person or female person, commonly by means of a colored signal that is pink or blue.^[24] For instance: a cake may be brought out, frosted in white or other neutrally-colored icing, which when cut, reveals a pinkish or blue filling inside, thus indicating that the baby is expected to be a girl (pink) or a male child (bluish).^[25] ^[26]

Other

Fifty-fifty items that would seem to take no association with i gender or another, such equally vitamin pills, have been produced in pinkish and blue and marketed towards girls and boys.^[27] Société Bic drew criticism in 2012 for its pink and regal "Bic Cristal for Her" ballpoint pens.^[28]

Pinkish–blueish reversal

In a 2017 letter to Archives of Sexual Behavior, researcher Marco Del Giudice commented on earlier claims about a supposed shift in pinkish–blue color associations or preferences former around the 1940s, from pink for boys and bluish for girls before that flow, to the opposite alignment after. He summarized his earlier work from 2012 which plant "no testify of either reversed or inconsistent usage prior to the 1940s".^[29] Del Giudice chosen this theory the "Pink–bluish reversal" (PBR), and said it was "ordinarily attributed to [Jo] Paoletti", and quoted from five academic manufactures that reprised the theory of "pink is for boys" prior to the 1940s. Notwithstanding, he plant upon analysis that it was exceptionally difficult to actually document such a shift, and exclaimed upon "the thinness of the bear witness presented in back up of the PBR."^[thirty]

In his 2012 paper, Del Giudice quoted from four manufactures published in academic journals which all echoed the claims about PBR theory, many relying on Paoletti, including Chiu et al., 2006: "Prior to that decade, Paoletti... noted that the sex-dimorphic color coding of pink and blueish was inverted, i.east., baby boys were dressed in pink and infant girls were dressed in blueish.";^[31] Frassanito & Pettorini, 2008: "At 1 indicate, pink was considered more of a boy'southward color... blueish was considered more than for girls.";^[32] Cohen, 2013: "the current stereotypical American consignment of pinkish to girls and bluish to boys was reversed a century ago";^[33] and Zucker, 2005: "Yet, in the first ii decades of the twentieth century, there is evidence that the gender-dimorphic nature of these two colors was inverted, that is, bluish was judged to exist stereotypically feminine whereas pink was judged to be stereotypically masculine."^[34] ^[35] But Paoletti never made the claim that pink and blue reversed, only that there was inconsistent usage that took until the 1950s to resolve^[30] starting from the first appearances of gendered pinkish and blue color associations around the 1860s.^[4]

Academic enquiry

A 2007 British study found a preference among women for carmine colors, and theorized that information technology might accept had evolutionary advantages.^[36] ^[37]

Studies of color preferences of infants and toddlers found a preference for primary colors, with no differences betwixt boys and girls. By the age of 2, girls started to prefer pink, and by four, boys started to reject information technology. This is around the aforementioned fourth dimension as infants start to get enlightened of gender.^[38]

In an effort to test previous research indicating an apparent preference in Britain for blue-green hues amid males and pink-regal among females, a 2018 cross-cultural written report compared Indian and British students. Standardized personality tests were administered to determine links possible betwixt personality traits, gender, and color. Results confirmed previous studies, showing like gender differences beyond both civilization groups, with females in both groups showing a preference for pinkish, in warmer shades for Indian women and cooler for British women. Authors reported a "a remarkable cross-cultural similarity in men and a subtle only significant cultural difference in women whose origin is even so to be explained".^[39]

Results of a cantankerous-sectional written report of color preferences among Swiss children and adults were published in 2018 in Sex Roles. The study found that blueish was not a gendered color, but that pink is. Amid children, blue was the favorite color of both girls and boys. There was a greater preference for pink/imperial hues among girls, and a greater preference for red amid boys. Among adults, no group chose pinkish as their favorite, bluish was a common favorite among both, and women preferred reddish more than than men did. A further study tested positive or negative emotional associations of pink, blueish, and crimson among Swiss adults using the Geneva Emotion Bicycle. All three hues were associated with positive emotions to the same extent among men and women. Where in that location were gender-based differences, pink was found to elicit more positive associations amongst women.^[40]

Virtually studies take taken place in western industrialized societies, and some bear witness appeared to evidence a cross-cultural pattern. A 2019 study published in Perception was designed to test this hypothesis, and was conducted amidst a hunter-gatherer civilisation in Africa. The study institute that the colour preferences among the Hadza people in Tanzania differed from those of previous studies, and that their color preferences were the same for men and for women. The researchers ended that their study called into question previous hypotheses that color preference might accept an innate association with gender, and suggested that more than studies would be needed to determine what the actual factors are in color preferences amidst the genders.^[41]

Research questioning the color preferences of male person and female children in regard to specific products is minimal; even so, analysis of the enquiry bachelor implies that at that place are mutual color preferences among boys and girls in relation to their clothing choice. In a study conducted in Turkey, the aim was to place which colors are preferred for which garment types by girls and boys, and whether or not the colour preferences of children differ co-ordinate to age, sexual practice, and garment type. Information technology was determined that the colors preferred about by most of the girls for all garment types were magenta, cherry-red-violet, red, and red-orange; similarly, the colors preferred by the boys for all garment types were blackness, blue, cyan, and yellow.^[42] Despite the lack of cross cultural analysis on this topic, existing research indicates that children's vesture resides on a spectrum that has expectations which fluctuate depending on age, gender, location, grade, and many more than intersectional markers.

Reactions

The association of pinkish with little girls and their toys leads some to view pink for women equally unserious or infantilizing. In a 2017 column in the Washington Post, columnist Petula Dvorak wrote nearly her fears that the Women's March scheduled for the day after the inauguration of President Trump in January 2017 would not be taken seriously, considering of the proliferation of pinkish pussy hats beingness prepared for the occasion past women planning to nourish.^[43]

The same connection tin be fatigued between men and the potential for limitations associated with the color blueish in western lodge. Often times men are marketed clothing and products that are associated with their socially acceptable color scheme of various blues, greens, and dark tones, this is something that can observed in advertising as well as store fronts. With this button for a connectedness between blue and masculinity, there can be instances of gender backlash which refers to social penalties directed at people who violate gender norms.^[44] More specifically, the angry, moral outrage created by the violation of prescriptive stereotypes tin can atomic number 82 to social or economical penalties for the stereotype violator (e.g., dislike or non being hired for a position).^[45] It is not uncommon for young boys to experience negative comments pertaining to their perceived femininity when wearing wearable that others perceive every bit less masculine. Males who display behaviors associated with femininity tin can experience negative repercussions that bleed into other areas of their lives every bit well, studies have shown that males who engage in behaviors associated with women are perceived every bit possessing fewer desirable masculine traits (e.g., incompetence and assertiveness) and more undesirable feminine traits (due east.one thousand., weakness and dubiety), resulting in various social penalties.^[45]

See as well

Bluish
Infant blue
Children'south clothing
Color analysis (art)
Color code
Color psychology
Color symbolism
Gender reveal party
Gender stereotypes
Girls' toys and games
Kruithof curve
Let Toys Exist Toys
Listing of historical sources for pink and blue every bit gender signifiers
Pink
Pink ribbon
Pink ribbon civilization
Pink Ribbons, Inc.
Pinkstinks
Pinkwashing (breast cancer)

References

^ ^a ^b Maglaty 2011.
^ ^a ^b Schorman 2013, p. 622–623.
^ Paoletti 2012, p. xviii.
^ ^a ^b Paoletti 2012, p. 89.
^ "Fashions: Baby'due south Clothes", Time Magazine x:twenty, Monday, November 14, 1927: Blue for boys: Bullock'south, Franklin Simon, Macy's, Wanamaker'due south; Blueish for girls: All-time's, Filene's, Maison Blanche, Marshall Field'south, The White House, Halle'southward
^ Paoletti 2012, p. 91.
^ ^a ^b Blegvad 2019, p. 71.
^ ^a ^b Chrisman-Campbell 2020, PT271.
^ Kueber 2009.
^ Blegvad 2019, p. 73.
^ Garnier 1823.
^ Bayle-Mouillard 1834, p. 294.
^ Kohl 1842, p. 131.
^ Beeton 1862, p. 142.
^ Rivadeneyra 1896, p. 561.
^ Petersons 1856, p. 261.
^ El Mundo 1899, p. 314.
^ Paoletti 2012, p. xix.
^ Conis 2021, p. 19.
^ Sulik 2010, p. 124–125.
^ Sulik 2010, p. 47–48.
^ Sulik 2010, p. 147.
^ Bologna 2018.
^ Garcia-Navarro 2019.
^ Pasche Guignard 2015, p. 479–500.
^ Gieseler 2017, p. 661–671.
^ Hendershot 1996, p. 99.
^ London 2020.
^ Del Giudice 2017, p. 1556.
^ ^a ^b Del Giudice 2012, p. 1321.
^ Chiu 2006, p. 385.
^ Frassanito & Pettorini 2008, p. 881.
^ Cohen 2012, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen2012 (assistance)
^ Zucker 2005, p. 3770.
^ Quotations from Chiu (2006), Frassanito & Pettorini (2008), Cohen (2013), and Zucker (2005) are every bit cited in Del Giudice (2012), p=1321.
^ Grisard 2019, p. 219.
^ BBC 2007.
^ Hammond 2014.
^ Bonnardel et al. 2018, p. 209-223.
^ Jonauskaite et al. 2019, p. 630–642. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJonauskaite_et_al.2019 (help)
^ Groyecka et al. 2019, p. 428–36.
^ Kilinç, Nurgül (1 Nov 2011). "Clothing Color Preferences of Boys and Girls Anile Between Six and Nine". Social Behavior and Personality. 39 (10): 1359–1366. doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.x.1359.
^ Dvorak 2017.
^ Ben-Zeev, Avi (2014). "When Boys Wear Pink: A Gendered Colour Cue Violation Evokes Adventure Taking". Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(iv), 486–489. no. 15 (iv): 486–489. doi:10.1037/a0034683.
^ ^a ^b Koenig, Anne 1000. (2018). "Comparing Prescriptive and Descriptive Gender Stereotypes About Children, Adults, and the Elderly". Frontiers in Psychology. ix: 1086. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01086. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC6028777. PMID 29997558.

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External links

A Cultural History of Way's Virtually Controversial Color